Earlier this summer I gave a wide-ranging interview with the Czech literary magazine HOST on my books on the history of Prague. Here is the published Czech text. The original English version from which the Czech text was edited follows (below).

Derek Sayer

H > Články > Praha, hlavní město 20. století

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07/26

PRAHA, HLAVNÍ MĚSTO 20. STOLETÍ

V létě v Praze proběhl velký kongres zahraničních bohemistů. K rozhovorům, které jsme přinesli v předstihu, přidáváme nyní ten závěrečný, a sice s britsko-kanadským sociologem Derekem Sayerem, známým svými interdisciplinárními přesahy a trilogií o české kultuře.

V posledních několika desetiletích jste se věnoval české kulturní historii, dokončil jste svou pražskou trilogii a nabídl nový pohled na modernitu. Existuje v Praze nějaká budova, dílo nebo památka, která pro vás tuto modernitu vystihuje?

Nenapadá mě sice konkrétní místo, které by představovalo modernitu v koncentrované podobě, ale Veletržní palác se tomu velmi blíží. Byl obdivován La Corbusierem a svého času platil za jeden z nejrozsáhlejších funkcionalistických objektů v Evropě. Nejen Teigem byl právem oslavován jako ikona progresivního modernismu. Jenže stavba zároveň vznikla jako ústřední bod „veletržního“ města, jinými slovy, byla navržena, aby prezentovala český průmysl. Otevření paláce neprovázela avantgardní výstava, ale uvedení vysoce nacionalistické Slovanské epopeje Alfonse Muchy, cyklu, který většina moderních umělců a kritiků té doby považovala za zpátečnický a reakcionářský.

Působil jste na univerzitách v Anglii i Kanadě a sám sebe popisujete jako Angličana místem narození a Kanaďana volbou, můžete k tomu říct víc?

Narodil jsem se v Londýně a v Británii jsem žil do svých pětatřiceti. V roce 1986 jsem se přestěhoval do Kanady, abych nastoupil na Univerzitu v Albertě, kde jsem dvacet let učil a zastával jednu z prvních Canada Research Chairs (prestižní výzkumný titul v rámci národního programu). Do Británie jsem se z rodinných důvodů vrátil v roce 2006, ale po odchodu z Lancaster University v roce 2016 jsem do Kanady odjel na důchod. Mám dvojí občanství.

Národnost není něco, co si vyberete, vybral jsem si tedy emigraci. Část mě zůstane Britem, ale poté, co jsem polovinu dospělého života prožil v Kanadě, je jiná část mě zase Kanaďanem. Stýská se mi po rozlehlých pláních, širé prérijní obloze a jasném slunečním svitu při dvaceti stupních pod nulou. Nebo po úžasně různorodé kuchyni, kterou si užívám v Calgary — mimochodem ve městě, kde se třetina obyvatel narodila v zahraničí a přes čtyřicet procent patří k etnickým menšinám. Toto by bezpochyby pobouřilo mnoho Čechů, tedy alespoň ty, kteří volili Zemana a Babiše a jsou k přistěhovalcům nepřátelští. Já se ale cítím nejvíc doma právě v místě plném mně podobných vykořeněných kosmopolitů.

Jak do toho zapadá Česko?

To je vlastně náhoda. Nemám formální vzdělání ve slavistice nebo bohemistice, bakalářský i doktorský titul jsem získal v sociologii. Má první žena, Alena, byla Češka, možná bych měl říct Moravanka, pocházela z Ostravy. Seznámili jsme se jako bakalářští studenti na Essex University v roce 1970. Československo opustila ke konci roku 1967, tedy ještě před pražským jarem, aby strávila rok v zahraničí jako au pair před tím, než začne studovat anglistiku na Univerzitě Karlově. Získat výjezdní víza tehdy ještě nebylo snadné, ale její otec měl i jako nekomunista dobré kontakty na ministerstvu zahraničí, navázal je při svém pobytu v Sachsenhausenu během války. Byl jedním z dvanácti set českých studentů zatčených 17. listopadu 1939 při „dni studenstva“. Týden před tím, než se Alena měla vracet domů, ale začala okupace a ona zůstala v Británii. Vrátila se až po revoluci.

To znamenalo, že ještě než jsem poprvé vkročil na českou půdu, udržoval jsem s Českem téměř dvacet let v moha ohledech intimní, jakkoli zprostředkované pouto. Podivná situace, když se nad tím zamyslíte, ale v rodinách emigrantů a uprchlíků po celém světě naprosto běžná.

Kdy jste se poprvé do Česka či Československa podíval?

Na jaře roku 1990, v období mezi revolucí a volbami. Většinu času jsme trávili s rodinou v Ostravě, ale povedlo se nám na pár dní zavítat do Prahy. Právě tehdy, na Smetanově nábřeží, mě napadlo využít zkušeností z novodobé historie pro konceptualizaci Prahy jako vyhlídky na modernitu a vytvořit tak alternativu k místům tradičně západním, jako je Paříž, Londýn, New York. V Praze jsem následně žil od prosince 1991 do léta 1993 a snažil jsem se co nejlépe naučit česky, zatímco jsem pracoval na prvním díle mé pražské trilogie, The Coasts of Bohemia.

Zmínil jste, že myšlenka uchopit Prahu jako nový úhel pohledu na modernitu vás napadla na Smetanově nábřeží. Byla to náhoda, nebo inspirace tím místem?

Když jsem se na jaře roku 1990 procházel po Smetanově nábřeží v Praze, napadlo mě, že by mohlo být plodné přistoupit k evropské historii vyprávěné ze západního pohledu kopernikánsky. Místo, kde mě to napadlo, nebylo bez významu: v průběhu 20. století bylo nábřeží postupně pojmenováno po císaři Františkovi I., prvním prezidentovi Československa Tomášovi Masarykovi, nacistickém říšském protektorovi Reinhardu Heydrichovi. A protože komunisté považovali vzpomínku na Masaryka za nepřijatelnou, nakonec i po českém „národním skladateli“ devatenáctého století, Bedřichu Smetanovi.

Tehdy jsem samozřejmě neznal tolik souvislostí. Muselo tedy jít víc o tušení než o cokoli jiného. Spíš než na jednom konkrétním nábřeží bylo pravděpodobně založené na té neskutečné architektonické koláži, kterou Praha nabízí — je v ní všechno od středověku a baroka až po nejrůznější podoby moderny, často promíchané.

Jedno místo na Smetanově nábřeží je pro mě však obzvlášť dojemné, socha Františka I. Když jsem ji poprvé viděl a také po celou dobu, co jsem v Praze žil, byl podstavec prázdný, protože socha byla po vyhlášení nezávislosti v roce 1919 přesunuta do lapidária Národního muzea. Vzhledem k honosnému rámování památníku působilo toto prázdné místo až surrealisticky. František byl na svoje právoplatné místo nakonec v tichosti vrácen v roce 2003.

Otisklo se vaše někdejší pozorování přímo i do knihy The Coasts of Bohemia, na které jste další rok začal pracovat?

Ano, celá ta procházka po Smetanově nábřeží. A pak ta socha: pro mě ztělesňuje ústřední téma mé práce o Praze, dialektiku paměti a zapomínání a její projevy ve veřejném prostoru — názvy ulic, sochy, památníky, pamětní desky, nástěnné malby a fresky, fasádu i vnitřní výzdobu budov. Z různých důvodů mi připadá dojemné také Smetanovo muzeum spojené se Zdeňkem Nejedlým, který se zasadil o jeho založení v roce 1926. Souvislosti mezi diskurzy národního obrození a KSČ po roce 1945 jsou důležitými tématy mých knih, ačkoli se jedná o něco, co Češi obecně neslyší rádi.

Vzpomínáte si na nějaký konkrétní okamžik také z pobytu v Ostravě, když jste poprvé přijel do Československa?

Z mé první cesty mi v paměti nejvíc utkvěla událost v tehdejším Divadle Zdeňka Nejedlého, kterou jsem později popsal ve své knize [Going Down for Air: A Memoir in Search of a Subject, 2004]:

Nabucco, Verdiho první velký hit, má premiéru v La Scale 9. března 1842. Třetí dějství. Poprvé zaznívá velký vlastenecký sbor „Va, pensiero“. Publikum vybuchne a požaduje přídavek za přídavkem. Po skončení představení propuknou nepokoje. Rakouské úřady od té chvíle zakazují operním domům hrát přídavky.

Před svou smrtí zanechává Giuseppe Verdi přísné pokyny vyžadující, aby na jeho pohřbu nehrála žádná hudba. Staré novinové fotografie ukazují Piazza del Duomo až po okraj zaplněné lidmi, čtvrt milionu, půl milionu, milion lidí, kdo ví? Když se smuteční průvod pomalu prodírá obrovským davem, někdo začne zpívat, přidá se další a další, slova napsaná před šedesáti lety na jiném místě pro jinou dobu, slova, která přesto všichni znají nazpaměť:

Va, pensiero, sull’ali dorate,

va, ti posa sui clivi, sui colli

ove olezzano tepide e molli

l’aure dolci del suolo natal!

Překlopí se století.

Staré severomoravské město založené na uhlí a oceli, počátek roku 1990, to nejisté období mezi sametovou revolucí a prvními svobodnými volbami po dvaačtyřiceti letech. Jednoho volného večera jsem se rozhodl zajít do místního operního domu, kde zrovna hráli Nabucca. Před začátkem představení vystoupí zpoza opony na jeviště nějaký muž. Očekávám, že se dozvím, že jeden z hlavních představitelů je indisponován. Namísto toho však jménem svých kolegů umělců vášnivě vyzývá publikum, aby hlasovalo pro Občanské fórum. Napětí je hmatatelné, svírá hrdlo a štípe jako kyselý déšť, který visí ve vzduchu nad Ostravou.

„Va, pensiero“ zazní do absolutního ticha — jev, který jsem nezažil při žádném operním vystoupení jinde na světě. Žádné pokašlávání, popotahování nebo šuškání. Nevzpomínám si ani, že bych kdy předtím nebo potom slyšel žádat diváky o přídavek sboru. Až když dozní ozvěna posledního tónu, ani o vteřinu dřív, divadlo vybuchne. Lidé vyskočí na nohy a volají po přídavku. Té noci zaznělo „Va, pensiero ještě třikrát“, než mohla opera pokračovat. Později jsem se doslechl, že k témuž došlo v Národním divadle v Praze po sovětské invazi v roce 1968, což vedlo k zákazu Nabucca na českých jevištích na následujících dvacet let.

Vaše knihy se soustředí na individuální příběhy. Zaujalo mě, že téměř čtvrtina té poslední, Pohlednice z Absurdistánu, je vyprávěna skrz život Mileny Jesenské. Té je sice věnována stále větší pozornost, ale zároveň se málokomu podařilo přenést její dílo do širších souvislostí. Čím myslíte, že to je?

Milena Jesenská byla nepochybně významnou osobností své doby, což se po její smrti z různých důvodů opomíjelo. Odborná edice její žurnalistické práce vyšla až v roce 2016. Kvůli svým politickým názorům zůstávala po většinu komunistického období persona non grata — z KSČ vystoupila po moskevských procesech a ve svých článcích otevřeně odsoudila stalinismus. Jako žena Jaromíra Krejcara byla prominentní osobností meziválečné avantgardy, k níž byla KSČ nepřátelská od roku 1948 do počátku 60. let (jak popisuji v Pohlednicích) a znovu potom od roku 1969 do konce 80. let. Navíc byla spřátelená s Židy (za což jí Yad Vashem udělil vzácné ocenění „Spravedlivá mezi národy“), přičemž poválečná KSČ příliš neskrývala antisemitismus.

Na Západě, a zvláště pak v anglofonním světě, se její odkaz potýká s jiným problémem. Jesenská je známá především — dle mého názoru nepřesně — jako „múza“ Franze Kafky. Zčásti je to tím, že první text, který o ní na Západě vyšel, byla kniha Milena, Kafkas Freundin od Margarete Buber Neumann. Většina západní literatury o Kafkovi nepracuje s českými zdroji, Milena proto bývá nahlížena výhradně německou optikou, která ji obvykle exotizuje. Hlavní anglicky psanou výjimkou je Kafka, Love and Courage od Mary Hockaday. Kniha z roku 1997 se navzdory svému názvu zaměřuje na Milenin život jako celek, nikoli pouze na její vztah k Frankovi, jak Milena Kafkovi říkala. Pokud vím, jediným anglickým překladem Jesenské článků je kniha Kathleen Hayese The Journalism of Milena Jesenská, vydaná v roce 2003.

Může mít na její omezené zobrazování vliv také gender? Byla historie psána příliš „mužsky“?

Udělejme si myšlenkový experiment. Řekněme, že by Milena byla talentovaným novinářem, třeba jako Egon Erwin Kisch. Představme si, že by takový muž vedl vášnivou milostnou korespondenci s mezinárodně proslulou modernistickou spisovatelkou a poté psal nejen informativní články o avantgardě, architektonické a módní scéně, ale i ty nejpronikavější novinářské texty své doby o aktuální politice — od Stalinových gulagů přes anšlus po nacistickou okupaci Čech a Moravy. A navíc by se během okupace stal členem odboje, pomáhal Židům uprchnout ze země, byl zatčen a nakonec zemřel v koncentračním táboře. — Byla by jako takový muž známější? Ta otázka si odpovídá sama. Ve skutečnosti je těžké najít mužský protějšek.

Čím život a dílo Mileny Jesenské zaujaly vás?

Hlavním důvodem mého zájmu o Milenu Jesenskou je právě pozoruhodný život, jaký vedla. Je to ale také dáno mou metodikou. Rozhodl jsem se psát historii jako mozaiku poskládanou z fragmentů, čerpal jsem z životů jednotlivců spíše než z velkolepých abstrakcí. Pozornost, kterou jsem věnoval Jesenské, mi otevřela dveře do mnoha různých, vzájemně se prolínajících světů, které dohromady tvoří ústřední téma nejen zmíněné knihy, ale celé mé trilogie. Patří sem žurnalistika, avantgarda, modernistická architektura, komunismus, válka, uprchlíci, okupace, holokaust, tábory. Milena Jesenská mě také přivedla k dalším lidem, jejichž životy se staly leitmotivy knihy, zejména ke Kafkovi, Adolfu Hoffmeisterovi nebo k druhému manželovi Jesenské, architektu Jaromíru Krejcarovi, a pozoruhodné i tragické postavě její dcery Jany, zvané Honza Krejcarová/Černá, kterou Bohumil Hrabal nazval „perlou na dně propasti“. Skrz Janu jsem se potom seznámil s Vladimírem Boudníkem, Egonem Bondym, Mikulášem Medkem a dalšími „pražskými beatníky“, kteří se v 50. letech scházeli s Hrabalem v Libni. Bondy mě později spojil s Ivanem Martinem Jirousem, skupinou Plastic People of the Universe a pražským undergroundem po roce 1968 a tak dále. Pohlednice jsou plné takových souvislostí.

Jednou z výhod pokusu psát historii z „hadrů a odpadu“, jimiž pohrdá většina konvenčních akademických narativů, je to, že se člověk může s čistým svědomím dívat jinam, než kam ukazuje převážně maskulinní mainstream. V mém případě se zdroje rozpínají od Domácí kuchařky Magdalény Dobromily Rettigové až po erotiku Toyen. Jde o různé přístupy k tomu, co Walter Benjamin nazýval snovými světy dané doby.

Takže přece jen máme především „mužské“ dějiny?

Myslím, že ano. Jedním z důvodů „maskulinismu“ tolika historiků je dle mého názoru nejen jejich (záměrný či nevědomý) sexismus, ale také zaujatost zdrojů, ze kterých čerpají. Po většinu období, kterým se zabývá moje trilogie, tj. přibližně od 80. let 18. století do 90. let 20. století, byli muži nejmocnějšími osobnostmi ve většině oblastí života, včetně politiky a umění, jejichž vztah byl jedním z mých hlavních zájmů. A o jejich činech potom psali většinou opět muži.

Zejména v Pohlednicích jsem vynaložil záměrné úsilí nepsat dějiny „mužsky“. Kromě Jesenské a její dcery figurují v knize další ženy, od jejichž životů se příběh odvíjí: spisovatelky Lenka Reinerová, Marie Majerová a Zdena Salivarová, tanečnice Mira Holzbachová, političky Marie Švermová a Milada Horáková, herečky Lída Baarová, Marie Burešová a Vlasta Chramostová, gymnastka Věra Čáslavská, režisérka Věra Chytilová a zpěvačka a disidentka Marta Kubišová — abychom jmenovali jen některé. Nemluvě o hrdinkách odboje z operace Anthropoid Marii Moravcové, Marii Kovárníkové, Ludmile Soukupové a Anně Malinové. Nebo Ince Bernáškové, dceři umělce Vojtěcha Preissiga, která po zatčení svého otce a zbytku skupiny po dobu deseti měsíců sama vydávala čísla odbojového časopisu „V boj!“. První česká žena popravená nacisty 26. srpna 1942.

Pokud jde o začlenění příběhů těchto žen do dějin, mluvíte o vědomé snaze čelit předsudkům. Musel jste se při zpracovávání české historie vyrovnat i s jinými — ať už osobními, nebo obecnými, řekněme západními — předsudky?

Předsudky nejsou to správné slovo, evokují spíše osobní rozměr než společensky zakořeněné perspektivy. Mluvil bych raději o konceptuálních geografiích, myšlenkových rámcích, uvnitř kterých jsme podmíněni vnímat svět pod určitým úhlem a do kterých zasazujeme psaní dějin.

Svou první knihu o Česku, Coasts of Bohemia, jsem zahájil úvodem s názvem „Orientace“. Chtěl jsem zde naznačit, že navzdory geografické poloze Prahy v centru evropského kontinentu a jejímu historickému umístění na rozhraní konfliktů, které formovaly moderní evropskou historii, Praha zaujímá v anglicky psaných historických narativech okrajovou pozici a zůstává neviditelná — jedině snad s výjimkou jednotlivých let 1620, 1938—1939 nebo 1968, kdy byly události v Praze uznány jako určující pro širší západní příběh.

Čím to bylo?

V té době bylo Česko ve Velké Británii pomyslně odsunuto do ghetta tzv. „regionálních studií“, kde působila jen hrstka obskurních odborníků a existovala pouze jedna vedoucí akademická pozice zaměřená na česká studia. Tu zastával Robert Pynsent, který mimo jiné považoval Karla Čapka za „spisovatele maloměšťáckých buržoustů“ a napsal do London Times protest proti udělení Nobelovy ceny Jaroslavu Seifertovi, protože byl „průměrným básníkem“. Tehdy i dnes je v anglicky mluvícím světě bohemistika či samostatná čeština vyučována pouze hrstkou univerzit. Zůstává vysoce specializovaným, menšinovým oborem, a to dává těm, kteří v oblasti pracují, neobvyklou autoritu jako jakýmsi strážcům brány.

Z historického i koncepčního hlediska byl obor formován dědictvím studené války. Výmluvná je i skutečnost, že hlavní mezinárodní odbornou asociací, k níž patří anglicky mluvící čeští vědci — kromě sdružení, která se zaměřují konkrétně na Česko a často i Slovensko — je Asociace pro slovanská, východoevropská a euroasijská studia (ASEEES). Ta byla založena v roce 1948 jako „přední mezinárodní organizace věnující se rozvoji poznání o Střední Asii, Kavkazu, Rusku a východní Evropě v regionálních a globálních souvislostech“. ASEEES udělila v roce 2013 mé knize Praha, hlavní město dvacátého století čestné uznání, za což jsem náležitě vděčný. Ale stále si kladu otázku, zda je to vhodný referenční rámec pro studium země, jejíž historie byla po tisíciletí historií zemí Svaté říše římské a která, navzdory panslavismu 19. století a meziválečným komunistickým sympatizantům, měla před rokem 1945 jen malý kulturní kontakt s Ruskem.

Máte doktorát v oboru sociologie, ovlivňuje to váš postoj k takovým společensky zakořeněným názorům?

V rámci studia jsem se zaměřoval zejména na historickou sociologii a Praha pro mě začala mít intelektuální význam především v souvislosti s ústředními tématy klasických sociologických teoretiků, jako byli Karl Marx, Max Weber, Émile Durkheim a Georg Simmel, ale i pozdějších autorů, jako Walter Benjamin. Témata, která bych mohl shrnout otázkou: Co je moderního na modernitě?

Domníval jsem se, že Praha nabízí k prozkoumání této otázky lepší výchozí bod než jakékoli západní město, a to díky šíři a rozmanitosti svých historických zkušeností v moderní éře. Například Londýn či New York nezažily ani fašismus, jak tomu bylo v Praze během šesti let německé okupace, ani komunismus. Paříž sice byla během druhé světové války také okupována nacisty, nikdy však nezažila komunistickou vládu. Berlín, který se mi jeví jako nejbližší Praze coby domnělému „hlavnímu městu dvacátého století“, zažil komunismus i fašismus, stejně jako liberální demokracii. Nenabízí ale nic srovnatelného s českým národním obrozením v 19. století jako procesem boje proti imperialismu. Berlín také nezažil etnické konflikty, které hrály tak významnou roli v životě Prahy od poloviny 19. století až do odsunů v poválečných letech 1945—1946, ani celou škálu forem komunistické vlády. Pražská kulturní a umělecká tvorba byla touto jedinečnou škálou moderních zkušeností formována a vyjadřuje je.

Jak vám tedy tato zkušenost pomáhá osvětlit modernu jako takovou?

Uvedu příklad. Václav Havel napsal Moc bezmocných jako úvahu o normalizaci. Má však také univerzální platnost, a to jako analýza toho, jak v moderním světě funguje moc díky aktivní spoluúčasti subjektů, jako je zmíněný pražský zelinář. Kanadský premiér Mark Carney ji citoval ve svém projevu v Davosu a pro mě je Havlova analýza stejně důležitá jako například myšlenky Michela Foucaulta. Hledáte dnes ve světě pražské zelináře? Podívejte se, jak se americké univerzity, včetně Kolumbijské a Harvardovy, poníženě přizpůsobují Trumpově administrativě.

Skutečnost, že jsem Prahu v tomto velmi specifickém smyslu označil za „hlavní město 20. století“, většinová akademická veřejnost přijala s pozitivním ohlasem, včetně mnohých odborníků v Česku — například renomovaná historička umění Lenka Bydžovská. Výjimkou bylo několik anglicky mluvících bohemistů, kteří můj názor zesměšňovali. Podle mého to poukazuje právě na limity jejich konceptuálních geografií.

V Pohlednicích se často opakuje výraz kafkárna, dal by se podle vás považovat za univerzální?

Ano, dokonce mám za to, že tento pojem by měl být považován za univerzální. Existuje snad přesnější popis modernity tak, jak jsem ji zachytil ve své pražské trilogii — zejména v Pohlednicích —, kde každý pokus o nastolení údajně racionálního řádu skončí jako kafkárna? Oproti tomu cynické chování Havlova pražského zelináře lze vnímat jako zcela racionální, byť nemorální a nedůstojný vzor toho, jak se jednotlivci mohou protloukat ve světě, který je kafkárnou. Je to svět, v němž se za život v pravdě platí vysoká cena a v němž bude takový postoj většina zcela logicky pokládat za šílenství.

V poslední době se na Substacku (česky v Britských listech) často věnujete globálním událostem. Které narativy považujete za nejproblematičtější?

Jak kanadský premiér Mark Carney zdůraznil ve svém projevu v Davosu, poválečný „řád založený na pravidlech“ umírá nebo již zemřel a je rychle nahrazován scénářem ve stylu Divokého západu. Podle tohoto scénáře několik velmocí bojuje o nadvládu — nebo si mezi sebou rozděluje svět —, aniž by je omezovalo mezinárodní právo či multilaterální instituce jako OSN. Poslední roky začínají stále více připomínat 30. léta 20. století: s nástupem neofašistických „populistických“ hnutí v celé Evropě, Velké Británii a Severní Americe, rostoucím autoritářstvím, omezováním občanských svobod a xenofobií i ze strany „centristických“ vlád a uchylováním se k ozbrojeným konfliktům (zejména, ale nejen na Blízkém východě) k řešení politických sporů.

V této souvislosti působí progresivní narativy o „konci dějin“ — v jakékoli variantě —, které jsem kritizoval v Pohlednicích, naivně. Můj důraz na složitost, nejednoznačnost, iracionalitu a „šedou zónu“, ve které se hranice mezi správným a špatným stírají, nabízí přesnější pohled na současnou politiku. Například zmíněný Carney: navzdory svému projevu v Davosu podpořil izraelsko-americký útok na Írán, ačkoli útok byl zjevným porušením mezinárodního práva a Charty OSN. Stejně tak učinili Ursula von der Leyen, Starmer, Macron a Merz, kteří dříve hlasitě odsoudili ta samá porušení mezinárodního práva, když na Ukrajinu vtrhl Vladimir Putin.

Jakou roli hraje Česko, nebo konkrétně Praha, ve vašem současném životě v Calgary? Na co se při plánované návštěvě nejvíc těšíte?

Neřekl bych, že Česko je součástí mého současného života v Calgary, až na to, že některá česká jídla patří k základům naší domácí kuchyně. Vařím fakt skvělý segedínský guláš.

V průběhu let jsem Česko navštěvoval často, ale už jsem tam nějakou dobu nebyl. Dálkové lety nejsou v mém věku zrovna snadné, a navíc jsou dost drahé při financování z důchodu.

Kdy jste Prahu navštívil naposledy?

V srpnu 2021, při první cestě mimo Kanadu po covidových omezeních. Bylo to poněkud tísnivé, tolik podniků zavřelo, obchody a restaurace měly stažené rolety, ulice byly prázdné. Ale v jistém smyslu mi to také připomnělo, jaká Praha bývala, když jsem tu žil a teprve se začala otevírat světu. „Zpátky do Evropy“ bylo tak trochu dvojsečné.

Kam se v Praze rád vracíte?

Kdysi jsem miloval Staré Město, ale dnes se cítím lépe v Holešovicích, Karlíně, Smíchově nebo Troji, kde jsem žil v letech 1991—1993. Nebo se vydávám ještě dál, třeba do Bohnic, kde mám přátele. Cestovní ruch sice přináší peníze, ale také velké problémy, stejně jako v Barceloně nebo Amsterdamu.

Těším se na obhlídnutí nových budov, jako je komplex od Zahy Hadid za Masarykovým nádražím nebo bytový dům Fragment v Karlíně „podpíraný“ Lilit od Davida Černého. Láká mě procházet knihkupectví a galerie, objevovat nové restaurace a vrátit se do těch starých osvědčených, znovu si pochutnat na chlebíčcích ve Zlatém kříži, vařeném hovězím krku s křenovou omáčkou v Lokálu a smaženém vepřovém řízku s bramborovým salátem v Café Savoy. A to vše zapít dobrým českým pivem.

17/09/2026

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rozhovor

Kristýna Pavlík Vaněčková

Derek Sayer (nar. 1950) je britskokanadský sociolog známý svým interdisciplinárním přesahem, emeritní profesor Univerzity v Albertě. Mimo Kanadu se proslavil zejména jako autor úspěšné trilogie o české kulturní historii, ve které upozorňuje na mozaikovitost příběhů a narušuje tak zavedené historické narativy — The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History (1998), Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century: A Surrealist History (2013), Postcards from Absurdistan: Prague at the End of History (2022). Za své knihy obdržel řadu cen, mimo jiné je jako jediný autor díla v cizím jazyce laureátem Ceny F. X. Šaldy (2014).

source: https://www.h7o.cz/clanky/14608-praha-hlavni-mesto-20-stoleti


English version 

You’ve spent the last few decades writing your Prague trilogy and focusing on offering a different view on “modernity”. Is there any building, work or monument in Prague that represents modernity in a condensed form? 

I can’t think of any single location that represents “condensed” modernity, but Veletržní palác [the Trade Fair Palace] goes a long way toward fitting that bill. Built in 1926-8, critically admired by Le Corbusier, and one of the largest functionalist buildings in Europe at that time, it has been hailed by Karel Teige and others as an icon of progressive modernism. But the building started life as the centerpiece of a “trade fair city” designed to showcase Czech industry. The palace opened not with some avant-garde exhibition but the first showing of Alfons Mucha’s highly nationalistic Slovanská epopej [Slav Epic], a cycle that was seen as backward and reactionary by most modern artists and critics at the time. During WW2 the Veletržní compound became the assembly-point for deportation of Jews to Terezín and other concentration camps from nearby Bubny station. Subsequently the building housed various state offices (including Tuzex and Strojimport) before it burned down in 1974. Subsequently it was reconstructed “like a phoenix” and now houses the National Gallery collections of 19th and 20th-century art and is a big tourist attraction. I’ve written about Veletržní palác at length in Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century.

You describe yourself as English by birth and Canadian by choice. How does Czechia fit into that?

I was born in London and lived in Britain until I was 35. I moved to Canada in 1986 to take up a position at the University of Alberta, where I taught for twenty years and held one of the first Canada Research Chairs. I returned to Britain for family reasons in 2006, but moved back to Canada in 2016 after I retired from Lancaster University. I have dual citizenship.

Nationality is not something you choose, whereas I chose to emigrate. Part of me will always remain British—but having lived half my adult life in Canada, another part of me is Canadian too, whether it’s missing the wide open spaces and big prairie skies and bright sunshine at 20 degrees below or the astonishing variety of cuisines I enjoy in Calgary, a city where a third of the population is foreign-born and over 40 percent belong to ethnic minorities. No doubt this would appal many Czechs, at least those that voted for Zeman and Babiš and are hostile to immigrants, but I feel most at home in a place full of rootless cosmopolitans like me.

My connection with your country was serendipitous. I was not formally trained in Slavics or Czech studies—my BA and PhD were in sociology. My first wife, Alena, was Czech, or maybe I should say Moravian, from Ostrava. We met as undergraduate students at Essex University in 1970. She had left Czechoslovakia at the end of 1967—i.e., before the Prague Spring—to spend a year abroad as an au pair prior to starting a degree in English at Univerzita Karlova [Charles University]. Getting an exit visa was still not easy then, but her father, who was not a communist, had good contacts in the foreign ministry that he made in Sachsenhausen [concentration camp] during the war. He was one of the 1200 Czech students arrested on November 17, 1939, the “day of the students.” A week before Alena was due to return home the Russians invaded and she stayed in the UK. She didn’t return until after the Velvet Revolution of November 1989.

What this meant was that I had what was in many ways an intimate but completely vicarious relationship with Czechia for nearly 20 years before I ever set foot on Czech soil—a bizarre state of affairs, if you think about it, but one that is common in families of émigrés and refugees the world over. My first trip to Czechia was in March-April 1990, after the revolution but before the elections. We spent most of our time with family in Ostrava, but managed a few days in Prague. It was then, on the Smetana Embankment, that I got the idea of using Prague’s variety of modern historical experiences as a different vantage point on “modernity” than the conventional western ones—Paris, London, New York, etc.

I subsequently lived in Prague from December 1991 through June or July 1993, doing my best to learn the language while researching The Coasts of Bohemia, the first book in my Prague trilogy.

I believe that not entering Czech studies through the usual academic routes, and not being part of those “area studies” networks, has given me a significantly different orientation to that of most Anglophone scholars working in the field. Whether for good or ill, I leave to readers to judge.

You mentioned you got the idea of using Prague as a different vantage point on “modernity” on the Smetana Embankment. Was this accidental or inspired by the place?

I commented on the Smetana Embankment in the introduction to Coasts of Bohemia:

Walking along the Smetana Embankment in Prague in the spring of 1990, it occurred to me that a Copernican turn on this history [i.e., European history as narrated from the West] might be fruitful. The location is not irrelevant: suffice it to say, for the moment, that in the course of the twentieth century the Embankment has been successively named after Emperor Francis I of Austria, Czechoslovakia’s first president Tomáš Masaryk, Nazi Reichsprotektor Reinhard Heydrich, and (the communists finding the memory of Masaryk unacceptable) the nineteenth-century Czech “national composer” Bedřich Smetana. (p. 13)

Of course I didn’t know this level of detail at the time; I learned it later. So it must have been a hunch, as much as anything else, likely based on the incredible architectural collage that Prague presents—everything from medieval and baroque to many varieties of modern, all as often as not jumbled together—rather than anything specific to the Smetana Embankment. But one location on that embankment is especially poignant for me: the statue of [Austrian Emperor] Francis I. When I first saw it and throughout the time I lived in Prague the plinth was empty because the statue had been removed to the lapidarium of the National Museum in 1919 following independence. The vacancy looked surreal, given the ornate housing of the monument. Francis was eventually quietly restored to his rightful place in 2003. For me this history epitomises the dialectic of memory and forgetting, as materialized in public spaces (streetnames, statues, memorials, plaques, murals and frescoes, the architecture and internal decor of buildings) that have been central concerns of my work on Prague. I also find the Smetana Museum poignant for different reasons—the association with Zdeněk Nejedlý, who was instrumental in founding the museum in 1926. The connections between the discourses of the národní obrození [national revival] and the KSČ [Communist Party of Czechoslovakia] after 1945 have been important themes of my books, though this is not something that Czechs generally like to be reminded of. This might take us to Letohrádek Hvězda [Star Castle], the onetime Jirásek and Aleš Museum, which I have also written about at length in The Coasts of Bohemia.

Getting back to your first encounter with Czechoslovakia, it was not dominantly set in Prague. Do you recall any inspirative moment from your stay in Ostrava?

What probably sticks in my mind most from that first trip was an incident in what was then the Divadlo Zdenka Nejedlého [Zdeněk Nejedlý Theater] that I made use of in a later book:

Nabucco, or to give it its full title Nabuccodonzor, Verdi’s first big hit, premieres at La Scala on March 9, 1842. Act III. The great patriotic chorus Va, pensiero is heard for the first time. The audience erupts, demanding encore after encore. After the performance ends there is a riot. Henceforth, the Austrian authorities decree, no encores will be allowed in opera houses.

Before his death Giuseppe Verdi leaves strict instructions that no music is to be played at his funeral. Old newspaper photographs show the Piazza del Duomo packed to the walls with people, a quarter million, a half million, a million people, who will ever know? As the cortège slowly feels its way through the immense crowd somebody starts to sing, and then another, and another, and another, the words written sixty years before in another place for another time, words that they nevertheless all know by heart:

Va, pensiero, sull’ali dorate,

va, ti posa sui clivi, sui colli

ove olezzano tepide e molli

l’aure dolci del suolo natal!

A century turns.

An old coal and steel town in Northern Moravia, early in 1990, that uncertain time between the Velvet Revolution and the first free elections in forty-two years. At a loose end one evening I decide to take myself to the local opera house, where Nabuccohappens to be playing. Before the performance begins a man steps through the curtain to the front of the stage. I expect to learn that one of the principals is indisposed. Instead he makes a passionate plea on behalf of his fellow-artists for the audience to vote for Civic Forum, the opposition coalition formed in November 1989 around Václav Havel. The tension is palpable, catching in the throat, acrid as the acid rain that hangs in the Ostrava air.

Va, pensiero is heard in absolute silence — something I have never experienced at an operatic performance anywhere in the world. No coughing, no shuffling, no whispering. Nor, I think, have I ever before or since heard a demand for a chorus to be encored.

When the last echo of the last note dies, but not before, the theater explodes. People are on their feet, yelling for it to be played again. Va, pensiero was encored three times that night before the opera could go on. I was later told that the same thing had happened at the National Theater in Prague after the Soviet invasion of 1968, leading to Nabucco being banned from Czech stages for the next twenty years.

Your books pay close attention to individual destinies. I found it interesting that nearly a quarter of your last book, Postcards from Absurdistan, is narrated through the life of Milena Jesenská. Although she is receiving increasing attention, few have managed to place her work in a broader context. Why do you think this is?

Milena Jesenská was clearly a significant figure of her time, and one who was for various reasons neglected after her death. It took until 2016 before a proper scholarly edition of her journalism was published, Torst’s monumental Křižovatky. She remained persona non grata for much of the communist period due to her politics—a one-time KSČ member who left the party over the Moscow trials and denounced Stalinism in print. She was also a friend to Jews (awarded the rare honor of “righteous among the gentiles” by Yad Vashem) while the postwar KSČ was pretty openly antisemitic, and as Jaromír Krejcar’s wife she was a prominent associate of the interwar Prague avant-garde, to which the KSČ was hostile from 1948 until the early 60s (as I trace in Postcards) and again from 1969 to the late 1980s. Neither of these things favored her posthumous rehabilitation. Her daughter Jana Černá’s (née Krejcarová) memoir of her mother Adresát Milena Jesenská was scheduled to come out in 1969 but never reached the bookstores, a casualty of the 68 invasion and normalization. It was first published by Concordia in Prague in 1991, that is to say, ten year’s after Jana’s death. Jaroslava Vondráčková’s reminiscence Kolem Mileny Jesenské came out the same year. Alena Wagnerová’s Milena Jesenská, which I think was the first Czech biography, came out only in 1994.

In the West, and in particular the Anglophone world, the problem is a different one. Jesenská is known primarily (and in my view inaccurately, even during the brief time of their relationship) as Franz Kafka’s “muse.” This is partly because the first text published on her in the West was Margarete Buber-Neumann’s Milena, Kafka’s Freundin. More generally, a majority of western scholarship on Kafka does not avail itself of Czech-language sources: Milena is visible only through Germanic lenses (which typically exoticize her). The main exception in English, published in 1997, is Mary Hockaday’s Kafka, Love and Courage, which despite the title focuses on Milena’s life as a whole and not just in relation to Frank (as Milena called Kafka). So far as I know the only English translation of Jesenská’s articles—a relatively small selection, but including several of her most important 1937-9 articles for Přítomnost—was Kathleen Hayes’s The Journalism of Milena Jesenská, published in 2003. 

Could her gender also have an impact on the representation? Has history been written too “masculinely”?

Let’s try a thought experiment. If Milena had been a talented male journalist (like, say, Egon Erwin Kisch), who at one time (let us imagine) had a hot romantic correspondence with an internationally famous modernist female writer, then went on to write not only informative pieces on the avant-garde, architectural, and fashion scenes and some of the most incisive journalism of its time on the politics of the day—from Stalin’s gulag through the Anschluss to the Nazi occupation of Bohemia and Moravia—and who during the occupation became a resistance member who aided Jews to escape the country, was arrested, and finally died in a concentration camp, would she be better known? The question answers itself. In fact, it is hard to find a male counterpart.

The main reason for my interest in Milena Jesenská is this remarkable life she led. But it is also a result of my method. I set out to write history as a collage woven out of fragments, drawn from the lives of individuals, rather than in grand abstractions. Focusing on Jesenská gave me entry to many different overlapping worlds central to the book and, indeed, the trilogy—journalism; the avant-garde; modernist architecture; communism; war, refugees, occupation; the Holocaust; the camps, etc. etc. She also connected me with other people whose lives became leitmotifs of the book, notably Kafka, Adolf Hoffmeister, her second husband the architect Jaromír Krejcar, and her remarkable, if tragic, daughter Jana (”Honza”) Krejcarová/Černá, whom Bohumil Hrabal called “a pearl at the bottom of a chasm.” Jana in turn connected me to Vladimír Boudník, Egon Bondy, Mikuláš Medek and the other “Prague beatniks” who hung out with Hrabal in Libeň in the 1950s. Bondy connected later on to Ivan Martin Jirous, the Plastic People of the Universe, and the post-1968 Prague underground, and so on. Postcards is full of such filiations.

One of the reasons for so many historians’ “masculinism,” I think, lies in the biases in their sources as much as any (deliberate or unconscious) sexism on their parts. For much of the period dealt with in my trilogy, c. 1780s–1990s, the most powerful figures in most walks of life—including politics and the arts, whose relation has been one of my key concerns—have been men, and it is their actions that have been written about, mostly by other men. One of the benefits of trying to write history from the “rags and refuse” that is scorned by most conventional academic historical narratives is that one can with a clean conscience look elsewhere, ranging, in my case, from Magdaléna Dobromila Rettigová’s Home Cookery (Coasts, pp. 79-80) to Toyen’s erotica (Prague, pp. 214-16, 262-4) as different ways of accessing what Walter Benjamin called the dreamworlds of the age.

I have made a deliberate effort, especially in Postcards, not to be “masculinist.” Apart from Jesenská and her daughter, figures around whose lives the narrative is woven include the writers Lenka Reinerová, Marie Majerová, and Zdena Salivarová, the dancer Mira Holzbachová, the politicians Marie Švermová and Milada Horáková, the actresses Lída Baarová, Marie Burešová, and Vlasta Chromostová, the gymnast Věra Čáslavská, the film director Věra Chytilová, and the pop singer and prominent dissident Marta Kubišová (to name but a few)—not to mention the resistance heroines of Operation Anthropoid Marie Moravcová, Marie Kovárníková, Ludmila Soukupová, and Anna Malinová—or Inka Bernášková, daughter of the artist Vojtěch Preissig, who single-handedly produced issues of the resistance newspaper V boj! for ten months after her father and the rest of the group were arrested. She was the first Czech woman to be guillotined by the Nazis, on 26 August 1942.

You speak about the deliberate effort to face the bias you made through including many important women in your books. Were there any other biases or stereotypes – personal or generally Western – you faced while working on Czech history?

I’m not sure biases is the right word—it suggests personal prejudice rather than socially embedded viewpoints—so I would rather speak of conceptual geographies: frameworks of thought within which we are conditioned to see the world and frame the writing of histories.

I began Coasts of Bohemia with an introduction I titled “Bearings,” in which I suggested that despite Prague’s geographic location at the center of the European continent and its historical location on the faultlines of the conflicts that have shaped modern history from the religious wars of the 17th century, through the national revivals of the 19th century, to the struggles between communism, fascism, and democracy in the 20th century, it has occupied a marginal position in Anglophone historical narratives, remaining invisible except when (as in 1620, 1938-9, or 1968) events there were acknowledged as impinging on the wider western story.

Bohemia was relegated to an “area studies” ghetto staffed by a small number of esoteric Czech specialists: in the UK, at that time, there was just one Chair in Czech Studies, which was held by Robert Pynsent (who among other things considered Karel Čapek a “petty-bourgeois writer” and wrote to the London Times objecting to the award of the Nobel Prize to Jaroslav Seifert because he was a “mediocre poet”). Then and now, only a handful of universities in the English-speaking world offered degrees in Czech studies or a training in Czech language. It remains a specialized, minority field. This gives those who work in the area unusual authority as gatekeepers.

Historically and conceptually, this field has been shaped by the legacy of the Cold War. It says much, I think, that the major international professional association to which Anglophone Czech scholars belong, other than those that are focused specifically on Česko (and often Slovensko), is the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies (ASEEES), which was founded in 1948 as “the leading international organization dedicated to the advancement of knowledge about Central Asia, the Caucasus, Russia, and Eastern Europe in regional and global contexts.” ASEEES gave Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century an honorable mention in their awards for 2013, for which I am duly grateful, but I still question whether this is an appropriate frame of reference in which to study a land whose history has been that of the lands of the Holy Roman Empire for a millennium and which—nineteenth-century pan-Slavism and interwar communist fellow-travelers notwithstanding—had little cultural involvement with Russia before 1945.

Similarly, Steven A. Mansbach’s Modern Art in Eastern Europe: From the Baltic to the Balkans, ca. 1890–1939, was justly hailed as a major work of historical revisionism, challenging western-centric canons and demanding a rethink of how we conceive modern art, when it was published in 1999. But it still treats Bohemia as part of a homogenous “region” stretching “from the Baltic to the Balkans,” ignoring the fact that Czech artists during the period it covers were part of networks that included Paris (where many of them, from Mucha and Kupka to Štyrský and Toyen spent years), Munich, Berlin, and—for the interwar avant-garde—Moscow, while they had relatively little to do with artists elsewhere in Mansbach’s “Eastern Europe.” Inspection of Prague’s exhibition history or artists’ periodicals makes this international orientation very clear.

You are a Doctor of Sociology, does that influence your position on such socially embedded viewpoints?

I was trained with a particular focus on historical sociology, and for me Prague first became intellectually significant in relation to the central concerns of classical sociological theorists like Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and Georg Simmel as well as later writers like Walter Benjamin—concerns I might summarize in the question “what is ‘modern’ in ‘modernity?”

I believed Prague offered a superior vantage-point from which to investigate this question than any western city because of the range and variety of its historical experiences during the modern era. For instance, London and New York have experienced neither fascism, as Prague did during six years of German occupation, nor communism. Though Paris was also occupied by the Nazis during WW2 it has never experienced communist rule. Berlin (which for me comes closest to Prague as a putative “capital of the twentieth century”) has experienced communism and fascism as well as liberal democracy, but offers nothing comparable to the 19th-century Czech national revival as a process of anti-imperial struggle. Nor did Berlin experience the ethnic conflicts that played so large a part in Prague’s life from the mid-19th century until the odsun of 1945-6, or the full gamut of forms of communist rule, from the show trials of the 1950s to Dubček’s attempted “reform communism” of 1968 and the “normalization” that followed. Prague’s cultural and artistic products have been shaped by and articulate this singular range of modern experiences.

To take just one example of how this experience for me illuminates “modernity” more generally, Václav Havel’s “Power of the Powerless” was produced as a meditation on normalization. But as an analysis of how power works in the modern world through the active complicity of subjects—like the Prague greengrocer—it has universal relevance. Canadian PM Mark Carney cited it in his recent speech on Davos. For me, Havel’s analysis is as important as, say, Michel Foucault. If you want to find Prague greengrocers around the world today, look at how US universities—including Columbia and Harvard—are abjectly accommodating to the Trump administration.

My treating Prague as a “capital of the 20th century” in this very specific sense was widely welcomed, including by Czech scholars like the distinguished art historian Lenka Bydžovská. The exceptions were several (though by no means all) Anglophone Czech studies scholars, who ridiculed the claim. For me, this shows the limitations of their conceptual geographies.

In Postcards, the term kafkárna reoccurs often, could it be considered universal as well?

There is no single equivalent for the term kafkárna in English, which is why I retained the Czech throughout having explained what it meant. I quoted the following definition, from Naše řeč:

This word that is difficult to interpret, let alone translate, denotes an absurd feeling of hopelessness, disarray, and dislocation that is typical of Franz Kafka’s work … Most commonly, the word is used to describe a nonsensical, logically inexplicable, chaotic, ridiculous, or hopeless situation, state and feeling to which one gradually resigns oneself, although one does not identify with it and it escapes one’s conscious understanding … The word may also describe a place that is peculiar, strange, out of the ordinary in a negative sense, a place governed by absurd laws. (Postcards, p. 25)

Yes, I do think the term should be universalized—what more accurate description can you find of the modernity I mapped in my Prague trilogy (and especially Postcards), in which every attempt to impose what is claimed to be a rational order eventually collapses into a kafkárna? Conversely, the cynical behavior of Havel’s Prague greengrocer may be seen as a thoroughly rational, if immoral and undignified, template for how individuals can get by in a world that is a kafkárna. This is a world in which living in truth comes at a very high price, and will quite logically be regarded by most people as crazy.

Recently, you’ve been on your substack focusing more on global events (in Czech accessible in Bristké listy). Which narratives do you see as the most problematic, and could Central European experience be helpful in this regard?

As Canadian PM Mark Carney pointed out in his speech at Davos, the post-WW2 “rules-based order” is dying or dead, and is rapidly being replaced by a Wild West scenario in which a few great powers struggle for pre-eminence (or carve up the world between them), unrestrained by international law or multilateral institutions like the UN. The last few years are beginning to look increasingly like the 1930s, with the rise of neofascist so-called “populist” movements across Europe, the UK, and North America, increasing authoritarianism, crackdown on civil liberties, and xenopobia even on the part of “centrist” governments, and resorts to armed conflict—notably but not only in the Middle East—to resolve political disputes.

In this context the progressive “end of history” narratives—in whatever variant—I criticized in Postcards look pretty naive. My emphasis on complexities, ambiguities, irrationalities, the “grey zone” where rights and wrongs shade into one another, offers a more accurate handle on present-day politics. Thus, for instance, despite his Davos speech, Carney supported the Israeli-US attack on Iran even though the attack was manifestly in breach of international law and the UN Charter. So did Ursula von der Leyen, Starmer, Macron, and Merz, all of whom had noisily denounced exactly the same breaches of international law when it was Vladimir Putin invading Ukraine.

Is Central European experience relevant in this context? I would say yes, obviously—providing it is read in all its complexity, rather than as simplified in Cold War and post-Cold War western narratives. And that is what I tried to do in my Prague trilogy.

How present is Česko, or specifically Prague, in your current life in Calgary? What are you looking forward to during your planned visit?

I wouldn’t say Česko is part of my current life in Calgary except that some Czech dishes are staples of our home cooking. I cook a kickass segedínský guláš.

I have visited Česko often over the years but haven’t been back for a while. Long-haul flights are not so easy at my age, and they are also expensive on a pension (I retired from teaching in 2016).

The last time I was in Prague was in August 2021, our first trip out of Canada after the Covid lockdowns. It was eerie—so many businesses closed down and shops and restautants shuttered, the streets empty—but also in some ways a reminder of what the city used to be like when I was living there and it was just beginning to open up. “Zpátky do Evropy” was a mixed blessing. I used to love the Old Town but nowadays I’m more at ease in Holešovice or Karlín or Smíchov or Troja, where I lived in 1991-3. Or venturing further out, like Bohnice, where I have friends, or Sapa, which I wrote about in my little 2017 guidebook-cum-potted history Prague, Crossroads of Europe. Tourism may bring in the dollars, but it has also brought major problems, just like in Barcelona or Amsterdam.

What am I looking forward to during my visit? Seeing new buildings, like the Zaha Hadid development behind Masarykovo nádraží or the Fragment apartment block “held up by” David Černý’s Lilit in Karlín, surfing the bookstores and art galleries, and discovering new restaurants and revisiting old favorites—reacquainting myself with chlebíčky at Zlatý kříž, vařený hovězí krk s křenovou omáčkou at Lokál, and smažený vepřový řízek s bramborovým salátem at Café Savoy, all washed down with good Czech beer.


This is a complete list of reviews of my books The Coasts of Bohemia (1998), Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century (2013), and Postcards from Absurdistan (2022), including of translations, that are known to me. If anyone knows of any others I’d be glad of the information. Some of the links no longer work (or are paywalled) but the references are, I hope, accurate.

The Coasts of Bohemia 

1. Kirkus Reviews (February 15, 1998)

2. Foreign Affairs (Robert Levgold, Sept/Oct 1998)

3. Choice (Nov 1998)

4. New York Review of Books (R. J. W. Evans, “The Magic of Bohemia,” October 21, 1999)

5. Times Literary Supplement (Steven Beller, “The Shadow on the Pavement,” review essay, 1 January 1999, lead review)

6. New Republic (Tony Judt, “Freedom and Freedonia,” review essay, September 1998, reprinted in his When the Facts Change: Essays 1995-2010, London: Penguin, 2015, pp. 85-104)

7. Vancouver Sun (Stan Persky)

8. Nationalities Papers (Daniel Miller, Vol.27(2), pp. 343-345, 01/01/1999)

9. Slavic Review (Robert Pynsent, Volume 58, Issue 1, Spring 1999, pp. 203 – 204)

10. Habsburg H-net (Hugh Agnew, October 1999)

11. University of Toronto Quarterly (Andrew Rossos, Vol. 69, #1, winter 1999-2000)

12. Austrian History Yearbook (Volume 31, January 2000, pp. 180 – 181, T. Mills Kelly)

13. Canadian Journal of History (Vol. 35, #1,  Apr 2000, 124-126, Mikuláš Teich).

14. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas (Neue Folge, Bd. 48, H. 3, 2000, pp. 469-470, Claire Nolte)

15. Central European History (Vol. 33, No. 4, 2000, pp. 562-564, Ivan T. Berendt)

16. East European Quarterly (R. William Weisberger, 2001)

Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century

1.  Publishers Weekly (28 January 2013)

2.  Financial Times (Tony Barber, “Artistic capital, revived,” 3 May 2013)

—reposted on Czech Embassy London Facebook page 4 May 2013  

—reposted on Journalisted, 3 May 2013

—reposted on EuroNewsCloud.com, 3 May 2013

—reposted on Media Dragon, 5 May 2013

3.  Times Higher Education (Marta Filipová, “Dark pieces in a Modernist puzzle,” 30 May 2013)

—reposted on Aboutmyprague, 28 May 2013

4.  ForeWord Reviews (Karen Ackland, 31 May 2013)

5.  Australian (Nicolas Rothwell, “At the crossroads in Prague,” 15 June 2013)

—reposted on Tugendhat Villa page of World Warisan: News of UNESCO World Heritage Sites 14 June 2013. 

6.  Library Journal  (Kelsey Berry Philpott, 15 June 2013)

7.  Booklist  (Brendan Driscoll, 18 June 2013)

8.  Northern Review of Books (Jim Burns, June 2013)

9.  Reference & Research Book News (June 2013)

10.   Leonardo (Jan Baetens, 1 July 2013)

—excerpted at Quantitative Risk Management 15 July 2013  

11.  Architectural Review (Andrew Mead, “Bohemian rhapsody,” 12 July 2013, pp. 103-4)

—reposted on American Planning Association Daily Planning News 13 August 2013

12.  deReactor.org: platform voor literair kritiek (Jan Baetens/Arnoud van Andrichem, 19 July 2013)

13.  Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe (Michael Lowy, Vol. 21, issue 1, 2013, pp. 117-20, posted online 30 September 2013)

14.  New Eastern Europe  (Zlata Kopřívová, “The surrealist spirit of Prague,” issue 4, 2013, pp. 188-91)

15.  Choice  (P. W. Knoll, 13 October 2013 vol. 51 no. 02)

16.  Quarterly Review (Stoddard Martin, “La Bohême.  Stoddard Martin visits Prague by proxy,” posted 1 November 2013)

17.  Čechoaustralan (Miloš Ondrášek, “Na křížovatce,” Autumn/Winter 2013, p. 5)

18.  The Enlightened Economist: Economics and Business Books (Diane Coyle, “Lifting the iron curtain of the mind,” December 19, 2013)

19.  Diplomat & International Canada (George Fetherling, “Nitty-gritty Cities,” 5 January 2014)

20.  Times Literary Supplement (Marci Shore, “Surreal love in Prague,” 8 January 2014 [10 January print edition], lead review)

—The Institute for Human Sciences (IWM), Vienna reposts TLS review in the “Read, Listen and Watch” section of their website (9 January 2014)

—Inagist reports TLS review, with links to full text (9 January 2014)

—3 Quarks Daily (9 January 2014) has excerpt from TLS review and link under title “Surreal Love in Prague”

—American Conservative Magazine (11 January 2014) lists the TLS review in its “Of Note” section

—Silobreaker reposts American Conservative Magazine post with link to full TLS text (11 January 2014)

21.   Gorse (Esther Galfalvi, 5 March 2014)

22.  American Historical Review (Claire Nolte, Vol. 119, Issue 2, April 2014, pp. 635-6)

23.  Austrian History Yearbook (Chad Bryant, No. 45, 2014, pp. 272-3, published on-line 20 April 2014)

24.  Critique d’art (Jérôme Duwa, «Derek Sayer, Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century: A Surrealist History») 

25.  Austrian Studies Newsmagazine (Andrea Orzoff, “A Resolutely Non-linear History,” Vol. 26, No. 1, Spring 2014, pp. 16, 19)

26.  Slavic Review (Thomas Ort, Vol. 73, No. 2, 2014, 378-381)

27.  European Review of History/Revue Européenne d’histoire (Andrea Talabér, Volume 21, 2014 – Issue 6, pp. 933-5, published online 1 April 2014)

28.  Social History (39:2, 2014, pp. 292-293, Claire Morelon)

29.  Lidové noviny (“Když Praha byla metropolí Evropy,” Pavel Kolář, weekend supplement Orientace, 28(X), 29 November 2014)

30.  Umění/Art (Vol. lxii, No. 5, 2014, pp. 576-8, Lenka Bydžovska)

            —English translation in CEE New Perspectives blog, 11 January 2016

31.  Canadian Slavonic Papers (Volume 56 • Nos. 3-4 • Sept.-Dec. / septembre-décembre 2014, 363-5, Veronika Ambros)

32.  Habsburg (H-net) (Jakub Beneš, March 2015)

33.   Canadian-American Slavic Studies (Alfred Thomas, Volume 50, Issue 1, pages 104-107, 2016) 

34.  Journal of Modern History (Mark Cornwall, Vol. 88, No. 3, September 2016)

35.  Central Europe (Peter Bugge, Vol. 13, issue 1-2, April 2016)

36.  Kunstform (Pavel Kolar, Vol. 17, No. 5, 2016)

37.  Contemporary European History (James M. Robertson, 25: 1, February 2016, 177-89.  Review essay of Prague and 3 other books)

38.  Yomiuri Shimbun (28 December 2018). 

39.  Tosho-shimbun (the reviewer’s paper), (email from Kenichi Abe, translator of the Japanese edition, 21 January 2019).

40.  Asahi-Shimbun, (“The City of Kafka and Čapek,” 6 November 2018.  Saturday book side page)  

41.  All-Reviews, 2019/03/06.  Shigeru Kashima  

42.  Repre 35, 2019.  Haraka Kawakami  

43.  Mainichi Shimbun, 27 January 2019.  Shigeru Kashima.  Review.  (Same as All-Reviews one?  Listed on Hakusuisha page).

44. Magazin OKO, Meziřádky Zdenko Pavelky, 25.5.2021.  (Zdenko Pavelka.  Saturday Radio Vltava broadcast, review in weekend magazine)  

45.  Deník N, 3 June 2021.  (Jan Lukavec, “Surrealistická setkávání v modernistické metropoli. Vyšla další monografie magické Prahy”)

46.  ArtReview, (“Vynikající kniha nejen o Praze a českém surrealismu,” Radan Wagner, 12 June 2021)  

47.  Právo, 1 July 2021, Café section, p. 18.  (Petr Zídek, “Kniha o českém surrealismu aneb monografie světové Prahy”)

48. iLiterature.cz (Elizaveta Getta, “Město surrealistických snů,” 1 August 2021)

49.  Historická Sociologie, (Lucy Brown), Vol 14 No 1 (2022), 173–174 

50.   Soudobé dějiny / CJCH 2023, 30(1), pp. 223-233 (Veronika Košnartová.  „Hadrář“ Prahy dvacátého století? Kulturní dějiny jako postmoderní freska/A “Ragman” of Prague of the Twentieth Century? Cultural History as a Postmodern Fresco)

Other press mentions:

1.   Art Daily (March 15, 2013)

—reposted on European Graduate School Facebook page 15 March 2013

—reposted on Simon Fraser University Institute for the Humanities Facebook page,  15 March 2013

—reposted on Nick Socrates Contemporary Art 16 March 2013

—reposted on Delirium Clemens: Ruthner’s Global Austria: Central European Cultural Analysis 18 March 2013

—reposted on gg.art.com, Art News, 21 March 2013

—reposted on Realtime News: India as it Happens 26 March 2013

—reposted on regator  (March 2013)

—reposted on Trinity College Dublin MA in European Studies Facebook page, 30 March 2013 

2. 
Modernism/Modernity, vol. 20, #2, April 2013, pp. 423-425  

3.  Chronicle of Higher Education (12 April 2013, “The Chronicle Review,” p. B18)

4.  Belfast Telegraph (Michael Conaghan, “7 books you should own,” 4 May 2013, main paper, pp. 28-29) 

5.  Financial Times  (Summer Books Guide, 28 June 2013)

—reposted on Campaign for the Michigan Reader blog 29 July 2013, Campaign for the California Reader, Campaign for the Ohio Reader, and Campaign for the Texas Reader

6.  Dublin Review of Books (Issue 38, 1 July 2013)

7.  Financial Times Books of the Year (posted on-line November 29, 2013; in FT Weekend, Arts + Life section, Nov. 30 print ed.)

—reposted on http://www.mahbubani.net/Book Review/Books of the Year – FT.pdf, 30 November 2013.

—reposted under headline “BOOKS OF THE YEAR: History and Politics, on Business Day Live (South Africa), Life and Books section, 12 December 2013

—reposted on http://static.pulso.cl/20131219/1870948.pdf, 19 December 2013

8.  Česká televize, Kultura section of website, reports FT listing under headline “Financial Times doporučuje: Praha, hlavní město dvacátého století”

—reprinted on IHNED.cz, 3 December 2013 with comment: “Kniha o českém surrealismu patří podle Financial Times mezi nejlepší letošní publikace.  České výtvarné umění, design, architekturu, literaturu a hudbu v období 1918 až 1945 zpracoval profesor historie kultury Derek Sayer ve své knize Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century: A Surrealist History. Za ni si vysloužil ocenění prestižního deníku Financial Times”

—latter reprinted on surrealist.sk, wn.com and právě dnes on 3 December 2013 

9.   Aktuálně.cz reports FT listing under headline “Financial Times doporučují dějiny pražských surrealistů” (4 December 2013)

10.  iDnes, Kultura, Literatura section, 24 December 2013, “Dějiny surrealistické Prahy jsou jednou z knih roku Financial Times”

11.  Portál české literatury/Czech Literature Portal, 24 December 2013  

12.  Czech Literature Portal (5 January 2014).  Separate entry from preceding: “FT praises Sayer’s book on Prague avant-garde” 

13.  Award of F. X. Šalda prize, including honorable mention for Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century, was reported on the following Czech sites:

            — artalk.cz, 12 June 2014

            — Blesk [daily newspaper], 17 June 2014 

            — Týden.cz [weekly magazine], 17 June 2014

14.  Fear of a Square Planet #12.  Virtual Memories Show, May 8, 2017, Gil Roth.  Podcast 

15.  iLiteratura.cz, 19 June 2021  

16.  “Book of the Week” on alian.info, weekly #156

Postcards from Absurdistan

1.  Library Journal starred review (David Keymer , Sep 01, 2022)

2.  Foreword Reviews (Meg Nola, Nov/Dec 2022)

3.  Publishers Weekly

4.  Dublin Review of Books (Alena Dvořáková, “Bohemian Encounters,” Feb 2023)

5.  Common Knowledge (R.J.W. Evans, Vol. 30, #3, Sept 2024)

6.  CEU Review of Books (Felic Jeschke, Nov 2024, “The Last Postcard from Prague”)

7.  Transitions (Michael Stein, 4 Nov 2024)

8.  Journal of Modern History (Rudolf Kučera, Vol. 97, #2, June 2025)

9.  Česká literatura/Czech Literature (Vol 73, issue 5, pp. 650–653, 2025.  Františka Schormová,  “Prague, postcards, palimpsests: Derek Sayer’s Czech histories”)

10.  iLiteratura.cz (Jan Lukavec, 16 May 2026, “Sayer, Derek: Pohlednice z Absurdistánu: Dějiny vyprávěné klíčovou dírkou”)

Volvox Globator, who previously published the Czech translation of Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century, has now brought out a Czech translation of the third volume in my “Prague trilogy,” Postcards from Absurdistan: Prague at the End of History. I am most grateful to Jindřich Veselý for undertaking this translation, which cannot have been the easiest of assignments given the length and character of the book.


This is the Czech publisher’s blurb. English translation follows.

Kniha Pohlednice z Absurdistánu, napsaná britsko-kanadským bohemistou Derekem Sayerem, představuje jedinečný vhled do českých dějin dvacátého století. Ve své předchozí knize autor nazval Prahu hlavním městem 20. století (Praha, hlavní město dvacátého století, Surrealistická historie Volvox Globator, 2021) a tento pohled zůstává výchozím bodem i pro tuto knihu.

Derek Sayer se podrobně zabývá kulturním a společenským děním, odhaluje absurdity, které 20. století provázely, a zároveň poukazuje na křehkost demokratického systému. Podtitul knihy Praha na konci dějin odkazuje ke slavnému dílu, které napsal Francis Fukuyama v devadesátých letech dvacátého století, ale zároveň v sobě nese nadhled, který je Dereku Sayerovi vlastní. 

V knize se prolínají dějinné, politické události spolu s osobními dějinami českých osobností, které si v nehostinných podmínkách velké části dvacátého století vydobývaly vlastní svobodu. Velká pozornost je věnována vývoji umění, které bylo nuceno, ať už jakýmkoli způsobem, na danou politickou situaci reagovat. Kniha nese veškeré parametry vědecké práce, autor však není spoutaný akademickým jazykem, naopak, jedná se o velice čtivý text, který je doprovázen více než sedmdesáti dobovými fotografiemi.

Z angličtiny přeložil Jindřich Veselý.


Postcards from Absurdistan, written by British-Canadian Czech scholar Derek Sayer, offers a unique insight into Czech history in the 20th century. In his previous book, the author called Prague the capital of the 20th century (Praha, hlavní město dvacátého století, Surrealistická historie, Volvox Globator, 2021), and this remains the vantage point for this book as well.

Derek Sayer takes a detailed look at cultural and social events, revealing the absurdities that accompanied the 20th century, while also pointing out the fragility of the democratic system. The subtitle of the book, “Prague at the End of History,” refers to the famous work written by Francis Fukuyama in the 1990s, but at the same time carries Derek Sayer’s characteristic perspective

The book intertwines historical and political events with the personal histories of Czech personalities who fought for their freedom in the inhospitable conditions of much of the 20th century. Much attention is paid to the development of art, which was forced, in one way or another, to respond to the political situation. The book has all the parameters of a scientific work, but the author is not bound by academic language; on the contrary, it is a very readable text accompanied by more than seventy period photographs.

Translated from English by Jindřich Veselý.

I stumbled across several recent reviews of my book Postcards from Absurdistan. Here are some extracts.

“Postcards from Absurdistan is the third in a loose trilogy of books Derek Sayer has written about modern Czech cultural history … Put next to one another, the trilogy’s some 1,700 pages provide a tour de force of Czech cultural history … Sayer’s mise-en-scène and his analysis are always erudite, sometimes revisionist and frequently compelling … the book and the trilogy are tremendous achievements … this eminently readable book … is a well-balanced introduction to the Czech twentieth century for students and the wider public, and also offers many insights for expert scholars. Derek Sayer has written a deserving conclusion to his Czech trilogy.”—”The Last Postcard from Prague,” Felic Jeschke, CEU Review of Books

“Beginning with the intimate relationship between Franz Kafka and the Czech feminist, journalist, and writer Milena Jesenská, the book embarks on a colorful journey through the fates of hundreds of figures of Bohemian cultural life between 1918 and 1989. For Sayer, Prague is a loose starting point for the interweaving of the lives of the actors in his book, wherever these took place. He thus traces both the artistic activities and the private—and in many cases intimate—lives of countless Czech writers, architects, artists, and filmmakers, and of their partners, children, and extended families. He vividly shows the interconnectedness of their fates (and often their bedrooms), whether their lives’ vicissitudes took place in Prague, Paris, New York, or Tokyo, in their apartments, villas, or offices, in the torture chambers of the Nazi occupiers, in refugee camps, or in the interrogation rooms of the Communist secret police … Sayer displays a deeply impressive knowledge of modern Czech cultural history, which he manages to construct into an extremely appealing narrative … a literarily brilliant and empirically rich collage of stories from the history of Czech culture in the twentieth century.”—Rudolf Kučera, Journal of Modern History

“Sayer chronicles a world of the absurd but also contributes to it. Essentially he provides an episodic celebration of the Czech contribution to (post)modern civilization, with some brilliant aperçus … we learn much about the strategies of intellectuals and artists to frustrate successive orthodoxies of oppressive political regimes and especially about the genesis of the celebrated crop of Czech novelists and dramatists of the absurd headed by Bohumil Hrabal, Milan Kundera, and Václav Havel … In the absence of any comparative dimension to this book, it might well seem that Sayer exaggerates his case for Czech primacy in absurdism, in the spirit of Jára Cimrman, the larger-than-life inventor and discoverer whose exploits included leaving three missed-call messages on Alexander Graham Bell’s first telephone. Yet perhaps, on second thought, the cult of Cimrman, “the greatest Czech who never lived” (he was himself invented in 1960s Prague, initially as a radio character) is actually strong evidence that the claim, precisely in its flippancy, carries some weight.”—R.J.W. Evans, Common Knowledge

“Derek Sayer’s latest dive into Czech cultural history traces the winding paths of its protagonists through artistic movements, war, exile, and oppression … The absurdity implied in the title is shown repeatedly to be the result of the heavy hand of politics interfering with the life and work of the country’s cultural greats. Virtually no one escapes unscathed. Death, prison, and exile are as common among these Czech writers and artists as gallery openings and publication … The book’s main title is Postcards from Absurdistan, and the sense of absurdity is largely delivered. Yet the story branches out so internationally – from Prague to Paris to Moscow to Tokyo, India, and the Utah desert, among other places – and the absurdity presented seems so evenly shared, that it can make the world in general appear an Absurdistan. It very likely is, yet there is a particular style of absurdity found in 20th century Central and Eastern Europe, whether nationalist, communist, or a combination of the two, which the book effectively presents and defines.”—Michael Stein, “The Unsummoned Convention of Genius,” Transitions.

I was horrified at the mass shooting yesterday at Charles University in Prague, a location I know well. May the wounded recover and the dead rest in peace. Apparently the shooter, 24-year-old history student David Kozák, was inspired—if that’s the right word—by American examples. This is one bit of American culture Europe doesn’t need. I hope the Czechs fix their gun laws (as the UK, Australia, and New Zealand did after their own massacres) before, as in the US, it gets politically impossible to do so.   

It seems apt to repost this.

“To articulate the past historically … means to seize hold of a memory as it flashes up at a moment of danger … In every era the attempt must be made anew to wrest tradition away from a conformism that is about to overpower it. The Messiah comes not only as the redeemer, he comes as the subduer of Antichrist. Only that historian will have the gift of fanning the spark of hope in the past who is firmly convinced that even the dead will not be safe from the enemy if he wins. And this enemy has not ceased to be victorious.

Theses on the Philosophy of History—Walter Benjamin’s last text

Hope Obscured. Photo taken at Tate Modern, London, December 2019. Copyright Derek Sayer 2023.


I was one of those writers who were honored at the Canadian Jewish Literary Awards ceremony in Toronto last Sunday. What should have been a joyous celebratory occasion was inevitably overshadowed by the horrific events unleashed by Hamas’s brutal assault on Israeli civilians on October 7—which, let me be clear, I utterly and unreservedly condemn. After much soul-searching the organizers decided the ceremony should go ahead, as a gesture of affirmation of faith in the redemptive power of culture. I think this decision was the correct one even if the audience was much smaller than usual and there was a heavy security presence at the door.

Among those I talked with, there was no politicking but just profound sorrow, grief, and apprehension—above all fear for the fate of civilians, especially the children, who were already paying the price of politicians’ belligerence and intransigence on both sides. Fear, also, for the future, both immediate and longterm.

The proceedings began with a recitation of the Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. It put me in mind of two other recitations of the same prayer, which I had recounted in the book for which I received the award, Postcards from Absurdistan: Prague at the End of History.

The first recitation took place in the Terezín (Theresienstadt) concentration camp following one of the most infamous Nazi reprisals of World War II. In retaliation for the Prague assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, the Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (and architect of the Final Solution), by Czechoslovak paratroopers based in Britain, on 10 June 1942 German security forces sealed off the little village of Lidice, where they shot 173 adult males and deported 205 women to concentration camps. Ninety-eight children were taken to be “appropriately raised,” of whom 81 were subsequently murdered in the gas vans at Chelmno. None of the victims had played any part whatsoever in Heydrich’s assassination, though some had relatives fighting for the Czechoslovak resistance abroad. It was a collective punishment, of the sort the 1949 Geneva Convention (4) specifically outlawed (article 33) in the hope of preventing such atrocities ever happening again.

Following the shootings,

The troops doused the buildings with gasoline and set them on fire. Thirty Jewish prisoners were trucked in from Terezín. When they arrived in the burning village at 4:00 in the afternoon they were given pickaxes, shovels, 350 grams of bread, and 30 grams of margarine; taken to the place where the men’s bodies were heaped up; and told to dig a mass grave twelve meters long, nine meters wide, and three meters deep by six the next morning “or else they can quietly lay down with the others.” One of them, the journalist and broadcaster František R. Kraus, wrote a powerful account of his experience soon after the war ended. It was a Czech Jew who sang a requiem over the bodies of Lidice’s Christian dead:

“Suddenly the church breaks apart: a new metallic thundering breaks up the walls, the ringing of the bells resounds clearly, there is a thumping in the tower, flames roar up again, then suddenly the ringing stops, torn away from the roof the bell hurtles down, breaks through the wooden floor and ends with huge clattering on the stone floor, white smoke rolls out of the fallen nave. . . . Next to me stands Karl Langendorf, young, beautiful, the composer, he stands there like a marble statue, his mouth wide open, he raises and lowers his fists. . . . Then low singing sounds from his lips, it is Antonín Dvořák’s Requiem . . . Requiem aeternam dona eis domine et lux perpetua luceat eis [Eternal rest grant them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them] . . . Dies irae, dies illa [Day of wrath, that day] . . . a windy morning rises from the blood-drenched east and Karl Langendorf sings Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus . . . Dominus Deus Sabaoth [Holy, holy, holy . . . Lord God of the Sabbath] . . . bricks drop onto the empty church benches, jump high again and dance to and fro as if it were a festive church holiday, then the beams clatter down and break the roof, walls and vaultings shake, pictures of saints in gold frames fall from the old walls, and thunder to the ground . . . mass is being celebrated for the last time here.”

The grave diggers arrived back in Terezín to find candles burning at the heads of their bunks, “just as at that time, when the first of our comrades were hanged. Comrades are singing the monotonous melody of the Kadish [sic], stop, smother their joy.” “I sink back. My eyes pass over the barred windows. Outside the night is of the deepest black. And beneath me, on the lower bunk, Karl Langendorf sings quietly: ‘Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine, et lux perpetua luceat eis. . . .’ Then he adds in a low voice: ‘But Lidice is in Europe!’ Kraus survived the war to write one of the earliest Holocaust memoirs, titled Plyn, plyn . . . , pak oheň: vězeň č. B 11632 (Gas, gas . . . , then fire: Prisoner #B 11632), published in Havlíčkův Brod in 1945. Karel Langendorf, as he is named in Czech sources, was transported to Auschwitz on 18 May 1944. He did not survive.

Postcards from Absurdistan, pp. 180–2

The second recitation of the Kaddish was by the great Prague Jewish reporter Egon Erwin Kisch, who spent most of World War II as a refugee in Mexico. It was in Mexico City that he learned of the murder of two of his brothers in the Holocaust.

“In Mexico Kisch suffered horribly from the fact that Prague was occupied,” Lenka [Reinerová, another Prague Jewish writer and Kisch’s fellow refugee in Mexico City] told a Czech TV interviewer in 2001. “When we were alone, Egon spoke in Czech with me in Mexico—out of nostalgia and homesickness.”

Nostalgia and homesickness did not blunt the raging reporter’s insatiable curiosity. Egon’s Entdeckungen in Mexiko (Discoveries in Mexico, 1945) contained twenty-four essays on a wide range of topics, including sports among the ancient Maya, how to make tortillas, the hallucinogenic properties of peyote, and the cultural history of the cactus. He attends a Sabbath service in the village of Venta Prieta, whose thirty-seven Jewish inhabitants, “in no way distinguishable from other Indians or Mestizos,” were descended from Spanish Jews who fled the Inquisition in the sixteenth century.

“My father and mother were born in Prague, lived there, and are buried there. It never could have occurred to them that one day one of their sons would be reciting the prayer for the dead for them amid a group of Indians, in the shadow of the silver-laden mountains of Pachuca. My parents, who lived their entire lives in the Bear House of Prague’s Old Town, never dreamt that their sons would sometime be driven out of the Bear House, one of them to Mexico, another to India, and the two who were unable to escape the Hitler terror, to unknown places of unimaginable horror. My thoughts roamed farther—to relatives, friends, acquaintances, and enemies, sacrifices of Hitler, all entitled to be remembered in the prayer for the dead.”

quoted in Postcards from Absurdistan, pp. 279–80.

Here, for the record, is the speech I gave at the Canadian Jewish Awards ceremony on Sunday. I shortened it a little in the delivery—this is the fuller text I had prepared in advance. Its resonances will, I hope, be obvious.

I am greatly honored to receive the Canadian Jewish Literary Award for Scholarship, and would like to thank all those involved—especially the jury, upon whom I inflicted a very much longer book than I sat down to write in the fall of 2018.  I am particularly gratified for my work to be recognized in this way when I am not Jewish and Postcards from Absurdistan does not pretend to be a work of Jewish history.  But one cannot write the history of Prague without foregrounding the part played by Jews in that history—for over a thousand years—and it means a lot to me that the jury thinks I have done them justice. 

Postcards from Absurdistan is the final volume in a trilogy of books which take Prague as an alternative vantage-point on modernity.  In his unfinished magnum opus The Arcades Project, the great German Jewish critic Walter Benjamin nominated Paris, the so-called “city of lights,” as the “capital of the nineteenth century,” and set out to discover “the prehistory of modernity” in the “dreamworlds” incarnated in its material fabric and cultural products.  I thought Prague might be treated analogously, as a site in which to excavate the dreamworlds of the very much darker twentieth century.  

My subtitle  “Prague at the End of History“ is deliberately ironic, because history was declared at an end no fewer than three times during Bohemia’s turbulent twentieth century: by the Nazis, when they incorporated Prague into their ‘thousand-year Reich’ in March 1939; by the communists, who proclaimed socialism ‘achieved’ in 1960; and by many Western commentators, who were confident that the 1989 revolutions in Europe heralded (in Francis Fukuyama’s words) ‘the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.’  

Each was the illusion of its epoch. Each proved spectacularly wrong.  Prague is a place where modernist phantasmagoria of history-as-progress have repeatedly unraveled.  The period covered in Postcards, from the Munich Agreement to the fall of communism, were the years of peak unraveling.

At a time in which democracy is once again under global assault, the dark half-century of Prague’s modernity considered in Postcards holds up a disturbing mirror to our own historical crossroads.

Postcards from Absurdistan is not a conventional academic history book, but a tapestry woven out of a multitude of fragments—a “collection of close readings, insightful narratives, obscure gems, and sometimes-funny, sometimes-wrenching reflections,” as the jury generously describes them.  Like Benjamin, “I want to allow “the rags, the refuse” that gets lost in the grander narratives of modernity, to “come into their own.”   These fragments are intended to function as dialectical images, to use Benjamin’s term, in which “It’s not that what is past casts its light on what is present, or what is present its light on what is past; rather, image is that wherein what has been comes together in a flash with the now to form a constellation.”

As well as providing a model (The Arcades Project) and a method (literary montage), Walter Benjamin makes a brief appearance in the book.  This particular passage takes off from the First International Exhibition of Caricatures and Humor, a deliberate antifascist provocation that took place at the Prague gallery of the Mánes Artists’ Society in the spring of 1934,. The exhibition was organized by one of the main characters in my story, the cartoonist, writer, avant-garde artist, anti-fascist activist and sometime Czechoslovak ambassador to France, Adolf Hoffmeister.

At this point I read the following extract from Postcards from Absurdistan:

The exhibition drew protests from the German, Austrian, Italian, and Polish governments, not to mention that eternal censor of social morality the Vatican. The Czechoslovak government ordered several works to be removed; the ensuing brouhaha ensured that the show had sixty thousand visitors by the time it closed. All the leading Czech caricaturists of the time were represented. The most eminent foreign participants were George Grosz, Otto Dix, John Heartfield, Thomas Theodor Heine, and Erich Godal. By then, Grosz was already in America, and Dix had been fired from his position at the Dresden Academy (he would later be forbidden to paint anything but landscapes). Heartfield, Heine, and Godal had arrived in Prague as refugees in 1933.

Heartfield and Heine moved on again in 1938—Heartfield to England (where he was soon interned on the Isle of Man) and Heine to Oslo and then (in 1942) Stockholm. Godal made it to the United States, where he became a political cartoonist for Ken magazine and the New York newspaper PM. His widowed mother Anna Marien-Goldbaum, whom Godal had been forced to leave behind, was less fortunate. Finally given an exit visa from Germany in 1939, she was one of more than nine hundred Jewish passengers on the MS St. Louis, which sailed from Hamburg to Havana on 13 May. The ship was turned away from Cuba and was then refused permission to dock in the United States (by president Franklin D. Roosevelt) and Canada (by prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King). A US State Department telegram sent while the ship was close enough to the coast to see the lights of Miami stated that the passengers must “await their turns on the waiting list and qualify for and obtain immigration visas before they may be admissible into the United States.”  The New York Daily Mirror published two letters “from an aged mother on the wandering steamship to her son, an artist, in New York” on 6 June 1939. “It is so strange how near, and yet how much cut off we really are,” Mrs. Goldbaum wrote. The St. Louis turned back to Europe the same day. Anna Goldbaum was marooned in Belgium. She was deported to the death camps within a year.

Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose. As the Western world faced another “refugee crisis” in 2015, the Nigerian American writer and photographer Teju Cole remembered Walter Benjamin—“not so much Benjamin the scholar of surrealism as Benjamin the despairing refugee. The Benjamin who fled, like millions of others, for fear of his life”—who committed suicide in 1940 in the little town of Port Bou on the Franco-Spanish border rather than be sent back to occupied France. “The receipt made out to the dead man, the difunto Benjamin Walter, by the Hotel de Francia, for the four-day stay . . . include[d] five sodas with lemon, four telephone calls, dressing of the corpse, plus disinfection of his room and the washing and whitening of the mattress.” “The itemization reminds me of two things,” writes Cole. “Less, of the usual little list of what I drank or ate (mineral water, Toblerone), what I spent, when I check out of these frequent hotels of my life. More, of the little plastic bags I saw at the public morgue in Tucson, containing the last few personal effects of unknown travelers recovered from the Sonora desert in Arizona. A few dollars, a few pesos, photograph of a family, a mother’s passport to remember her by.” These are the rags and the refuse, the dialectical images that condense the terrible recurrences of the past in the present, blowing Benjamin’s “phantasmagoria of history” to smithereens. 

“Every refugee is alike, but each generation fails refugees in its own special way,” explains Teju Cole.

Right now the world is drowning in ancient memories—pogroms, expulsions, the Holocaust, the Nakba—whose contemporary mobilization is fueling hatred on both sides. I do not suggest that we can or should forget—any of the injustices, on either side. Those who have committed atrocities should be brought to account. But the one thing that needs to be remembered amid the fog and fury of war, and not just in the Middle East, is our common humanity. Otherwise what hope is there for any of us?

May there be abundant peace from heaven, and life, for us
and for all Israel; and say, Amen.

He who creates peace in His celestial heights,
may He create peace for us and for all Israel;
and say, Amen.

from the Kaddish, as translated at myjewishlearning.com

I am delighted, as well as greatly honored, to learn that my book Postcards from Absurdistan: Prague at the End of History has won the 2023 Canadian Jewish Literary Award for Scholarship. The jury citation is as follows:

Postcards from Absurdistan: Prague at the End of History (Princeton University Press), by Derek Sayer, is a kaleidoscopic romp across five decades of intellectual, artistic, cultural, and political foment and creativity in Prague, from the Nazi Anschluss to the collapse of communism. Brilliant and addictively readable, Postcards from Absurdistan highlights the influences and contributions of Czech Jews on cultural and sociopolitical Prague. Franz Kafka, one of the best-known Jewish denizens of Prague, sets the tone through the often surreal world he depicts. The book offers a magnificent and expansive collection of close readings, insightful narratives, obscure gems, and sometimes-funny, sometimes-wrenching reflections on Prague’s cultural elites, even as the geographic boundaries of the city itself cannot contain them. The Jewishness of these currents is steadily woven and subtly explored throughout the book. Postcards from Absurdistan represents the crowning achievement of Professor Sayer’s prodigious scholarship on Czech modernity.

A press release containing more information about the Canadian Jewish Literary Awards, detailing the composition of the jury and this year’s winners in other categories (which include the distinguished architect Moshe Safdie’s autobiography If Walls Could Speak: My Life in Architecture), can be found here.

Aleš Veselý, Gate of the Hereafter (Brána nenávratna, literally Gate of No Return). Holocaust memorial outside Bubny Station, Prague, installed 2015. Photo Derek Sayer.

It was from Bubny station that 50,000 Czech Jews were transported to concentration camps during the Nazi occupation of Bohemia and Moravia. The memorial was intended “to remember not only the victims of deportation, but to also focus on the stigma of those who organized the Final Solution and to remember the role of the passive silent majority that did nothing to stop them” as well as to “call attention to the face of prejudice, xenophobia, racial emnity, and discrimination on the basis of ‘otherness’ in the world today” (Memorial of Silence website, as quoted in Postcards from Absurdistan, p. 193).

Over the last 25 years I have accumulated a large library of books relating to modern Czech cultural and political history and the city of Prague. These include works of literature (novels, plays, poems); anthologies of primary documents in art, architecture, film, etc.; biographies, memoirs and correspondence; art exhibition catalogues of various dates, covering many of the most significant 20th– and 21st–century exhibitions in Prague; works of reference; guidebooks and street directories; bound volumes of popular magazines; albums of historic photographs; and secondary works on history, politics, art, architecture, music, theater, film, and the city itself.

The photographs accompanying this post give an indication of the range of the collection, though not every individual item is included. There are around 1050 items in all. I have grouped them in galleries, each of which contains six photos. Click on the individual images to enlarge.

This archive formed the basis for the second and third volumes of my “Prague Trilogy“—Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century: A Surrealist History (2013) and Postcards from Absurdistan: Prague at the End of History (2022). Now that I have finished the trilogy that began with The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History (1998) and need to downsize, I would like to donate (rather than sell) this collection in its entirety to a suitable institutional library where it can help other researchers.

If you can be of help or have an interest in acquiring this collection please contact me directly at dsayer@ualberta.ca